Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Your ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of your uterus, and they perform two essential jobs:

• During a typical menstrual cycle, an ovary releases a mature egg.
• They produce hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and androgens. Hormones are
• chemical messengers that regulate your menstrual cycle and impact general health.

When hormone levels become unbalanced, the ovaries can be negatively affected.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It disrupts normal ovarian function and leads to a variety of symptoms.

Although the term polycystic might sound alarming, PCOS doesn’t always involve genuine cysts. Instead, the ovaries often develop numerous small, fluid-filled follicles that resemble cysts when viewed on an ultrasound. These tiny follicles:

• Are underdeveloped and contain immature eggs
• Disrupt ovulation as eggs don’t fully mature or get released

Recognizing PCOS Symptoms

Each woman’s experience with PCOS can be different, but common signs include:

• Elevated androgens, like testosterone, can trigger excess facial or body hair and persistent acne.
• Periods that might be too frequent, too far apart, or abnormally heavy.
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight.
• Skin changes like darkening in neck, armpits, and groin creases, as well as the appearance of skin tags.
• Fertility challenges due to unpredictable ovulation.

PCOS can also contribute to insulin resistance, meaning your cells don’t respond as well to insulin as they should.

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels in your body. As insulin levels climb, they stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens, setting off a cycle that can worsen symptoms. Unresolved insulin resistance and hormonal problems can raise your risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other metabolic issues over time.

What Causes PCOS?

PCOS is thought to be a result of several factors, including:

• Family history and genetics
• Excess androgen levels
• Higher insulin levels

How is PCOS Diagnosed?

Your doctor will perform a thorough medical evaluation to confirm Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

Your doctor may perform a pelvic exam to check for unusual changes in your ovaries or uterus. They might also order blood tests to examine your hormone levels, especially male hormones like androgens. They’ll also check for signs of high blood sugar or insulin resistance. An ultrasound may be used to see if there are multiple follicles or cysts on your ovaries and to check the thickness of the lining of your uterus.

Often, PCOS is diagnosed when at least two of the following are present:

• High androgen levels
• Irregular periods
• Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound

How is PCOS Treated?

Lifestyle changes are often the first step.

A balanced diet with nutrient-rich, low-glycemic foods can stabilize blood sugar. Include whole grains, vegetables, and lean proteins for the best results. Regular exercise and stress management support a healthy weight and improve how your body responds to insulin.

When pregnancy isn’t the goal, medical treatments can help regulate symptoms.

• Hormonal contraceptives are often prescribed to keep menstrual cycles regular. They can also reduce symptoms like acne or excess hair growth.
• Metformin may be recommended if insulin resistance is a concern. It can enhance your body’s insulin sensitivity and improve cycle regularity.
• Medications like spironolactone can help manage acne and unwanted hair growth.

If you’re trying to conceive, fertility-focused treatments are available.

• Ovulation-inducing medications, such as clomiphene or letrozole, can help stimulate the release of eggs.
• A surgical procedure called ovarian drilling may be used to lower androgen levels and restore ovulation.
• In vitro fertilization (IVF) or other assisted reproductive technologies can provide a path to pregnancy.

PCOS can lead to ongoing symptoms, but some signs may show a more serious issue. These need immediate medical attention:

• Sudden, intense pain could mean a ruptured ovarian cyst
• Extreme thirst, frequent urination, or unexplained weight loss might indicate unstable blood sugar levels

If you notice any of these symptoms or if you’re worried about how PCOS is affecting your health, make an appointment with your doctor to get checked out.

PCOS FAQs

1. Is it possible to have PCOS without multiple ovarian cysts?

Yes, you can show classic PCOS symptoms without having polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.

2. Why does insulin resistance matter so much in PCOS?

Insulin resistance can cause higher insulin production. This triggers the ovaries to produce more androgens, worsening symptoms like acne, hair growth, and irregular periods.

3. Will losing weight fix my PCOS permanently?

Weight loss can improve symptoms by lowering insulin resistance and rebalancing hormones. However, weight loss does not cure PCOS. Many women still require ongoing management or medication.